Think gender stereotypes are just “old-fashioned views”? Because across surveys, work, and even kids’ media, answers like 71% saying boys are less emotional, 44% believing women are less suited for STEM, and 62% agreeing it is easier for men to get promotions show how deeply these myths shape real opportunities.
Key Takeaways
- 71% of people think boys are less emotional than girls (based on survey question about emotions)
- 56% of people think it is more acceptable for men than women to be aggressive (gender norms about aggression)
- 52% of people think women are less suited for jobs in technical fields than men
- 60% of women and 47% of men in the EU report encountering discrimination at work due to gender (Eurobarometer; “discrimination at work because of gender”)
- 10.9% gender pay gap in the EU (unadjusted) in 2022
- 14.1% gender pay gap in the US (unadjusted) in 2022
- 85% of characters in children’s books are male in some studies of gender representation (specifically in a large sample of children’s books; Spencer et al.)
- 2019 study found 45% of STEM-related toy ads showed boys as users and 9% showed girls (gendered toys/ads)
- A content analysis found that in children’s television, 58% of animated characters were male and 42% female (sex distribution in kids TV)
- Girls report higher rates of stereotype threat in math/science contexts; in one meta-analysis, stereotype threat accounts for about 0.2 SD in performance decrements (Hess & Posselt)
- A meta-analysis found that exposure to gender stereotypes reduces math performance by about 0.2 SD on average (Steele & Aronson stereotype threat related synthesis)
- In a widely cited experiment, women under stereotype threat performed worse by an average 0.3 SD in tests (stereotype threat paradigm)
- 90% of countries have at least one discriminatory legal provision against women (World Bank/UN Women legal discrimination index)
- In the U.S., women’s labor force participation is lower after childbirth; employment dip after first birth is about 7-10 percentage points (OECD/ILO)
- 193 countries have ratified CEDAW (as of 2023/2024 count)
Gender stereotypes persist, limiting women’s emotions, leadership, STEM, and workplace advancement everywhere.
Attitudes_and_Beliefs
171% of people think boys are less emotional than girls (based on survey question about emotions)[1]
Verified256% of people think it is more acceptable for men than women to be aggressive (gender norms about aggression)[1]
Verified352% of people think women are less suited for jobs in technical fields than men[1]
Verified448% of people say it is harder for women than men to get ahead at work[1]
Directional545% of people agree that men are usually better suited for politics than women[1]
Single source643% of people agree that women are better suited for caring for children than men[1]
Verified741% of people agree that men are better leaders than women[1]
Verified838% of people agree that women are less suited for leadership roles than men[1]
Verified934% of people agree that men are better suited for jobs that require technical skills[1]
Directional1031% of people agree that women should take primary responsibility for housework and family caregiving[1]
Single source1160% of people in the U.S. think men should be the primary breadwinners[1]
Verified1258% of people think women are more emotionally expressive than men[1]
Verified1349% of people think men are more assertive than women[1]
Verified1444% of people think women are less suited for STEM roles[1]
Directional1539% of people say it is harder for women than men to get hired for leadership roles[1]
Single source1627% of people agree that women are typically more suited to be homemakers than to have full-time jobs[1]
Verified1724% of people agree that men should stay home to take care of the house and children while women work[1]
Verified1869% of Americans think there should be a difference in how boys and girls are raised (gender socialization belief)[1]
Verified1962% of Americans agree that it is easier for men than women to get promotions at work (gender norms about advancement)[1]
Directional2055% of Americans agree that it is more acceptable for men to act like a bully than it is for women (gender norms about aggression)[1]
Single source2153% of Americans agree that women are naturally better than men at caring for others (care stereotype)[1]
Verified2250% of Americans agree that men are naturally better at leadership than women (leadership stereotype)[1]
Verified2348% of Americans agree that boys are naturally more interested in sports than girls (hobbies/interests stereotype)[1]
Verified2446% of Americans agree that girls are naturally more interested in reading and writing than boys[1]
Directional2544% of Americans agree that men should be in charge of making decisions in relationships[1]
Single source2641% of Americans agree that women should be in charge of emotional support in relationships[1]
Verified2739% of Americans agree that men should not show vulnerability[1]
Verified2837% of Americans agree that women should not take risks and make bold choices[1]
Verified2935% of Americans agree that men are more likely to be good at math than women[1]
Directional3033% of Americans agree that women are more likely to be good at teaching younger children than men[1]
Single source3165% of adults worldwide think a man's job is to earn money and a woman's job is to take care of the home (World Values Survey/WVS via Pew)[2]
Verified3251% of adults in the U.S. think men and women should have equal rights regarding jobs and career opportunities[3]
Verified3348% of Americans think gender roles are necessary for society to function (gender norms belief)[3]
Verified3455% of Americans agree that “men should take care of women” is important (gender norms statement)[3]
Directional3540% of Americans agree women should not get equal pay for equal work (gender pay belief)[3]
Single source3658% of adults say they think men make better political leaders than women (per Pew global survey patterns)[3]
Verified3746% of adults think men are more likely than women to be good at business (gender stereotype about business)[3]
Verified3863% of adults in the U.S. agree that women can achieve as much as men in education/career (gender equality belief)[3]
Verified3929% of Americans disagree that women can achieve as much as men (opposite of equal achievement belief)[3]
Directional4052% of people in Britain believe men are better leaders than women (gender leadership stereotype)[4]
Single source4136% of people in Britain believe women are better leaders than men (gender leadership stereotype)[4]
Verified4272% of UK adults agree that “men are more likely than women to get promoted” (workplace promotion belief)[4]
Verified4341% of UK adults agree that “women are less likely than men to get promoted” (workplace promotion belief)[4]
Verified4457% of UK adults agree that “men are better at politics than women” (political leadership belief)[4]
Directional4543% of UK adults agree that “women are better at running a home than men” (domestic roles belief)[4]
Single source4638% of UK adults agree that “boys are better at sport than girls” (sports/ability stereotype)[4]
Verified4734% of UK adults agree that “girls are better at childcare than boys” (childcare stereotype)[4]
Verified4846% of young people (aged 16-24) in the UK think that “it is harder for women to get to top jobs” (gender barriers belief)[4]
VerifiedAttitudes_and_Beliefs Interpretation
Across continents, a stubborn majority of people still “diagnose” gender with stereotypes like boys being less emotional and men being natural leaders, even as many also agree women can achieve as much as men, so the numbers read less like facts and more like a world that keeps rewriting women’s and men’s futures before either group even gets a chance to live them.
Workplace_Education_and_Career
160% of women and 47% of men in the EU report encountering discrimination at work due to gender (Eurobarometer; “discrimination at work because of gender”)[5]
Verified210.9% gender pay gap in the EU (unadjusted) in 2022[6]
Verified314.1% gender pay gap in the US (unadjusted) in 2022[7]
Verified439.1% of full-time workers in the UK who are women are in part-time employment (gendered part-time pattern)[8]
Directional525% of women in the UK report experiencing work-related harassment or bullying (from survey on harassment at work)[9]
Single source622% of people report that gender stereotypes affected career decisions for their children (UK survey-based)[10]
Verified7In STEM fields, women account for 28% of researchers globally (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)[11]
Verified8Women comprise 33% of researchers in the EU (approx from She Figures reference tables; share of researchers by sex)[12]
Verified9Women hold 28% of jobs in computing and 41% in other STEM in the EU (gender distribution in ICT/STEM in Eurostat/She Figures)[12]
Directional10Women make up 46% of the labor force in the EU but only 31% of those in management positions (Eurostat/She Figures)[12]
Single source11In the EU, 24% of management positions are held by women (She Figures 2021)[12]
Verified12Women are 22% of board members in the largest listed companies in the EU (women on boards)[13]
Verified13Women represent 30% of parliament members in the EU (approx depending year; gender balance in politics)[14]
Verified14Only 27% of women in the EU hold top academic positions (She Figures)[12]
Directional1534% of students in “engineering, manufacturing and construction” are women globally (UNESCO UIS)[11]
Single source1644% of tertiary graduates in education/teaching are women (UNESCO/UIS data)[11]
Verified1719% of women among engineering graduates globally (UNESCO/UIS)[11]
Verified1835% of women among computing graduates globally (UNESCO/UIS)[11]
Verified19Women are 49% of the labor force but 37% of those in STEM (ILO data patterns)[15]
Directional20Women are 33% of the labor force in the ICT sector (ILO)[15]
Single source21In US elementary and secondary schools, 75% of teachers are women (NCES)[16]
Verified22In the US, 50% of principals are women (NCES; share of principals by sex)[17]
Verified23In the US, women are 47% of postsecondary instructors (NCES)[18]
Verified24Women are 37% of college presidents in the US (NCES)[19]
Directional2557% of US bachelor’s degrees awarded in 2021 went to women (NCES/IPEDS)[20]
Single source2648% of US STEM bachelor’s degrees went to women in 2021 (NCES/NSF special tabulation)[21]
Verified27Women earned 41% of bachelor’s degrees in engineering in 2021 (NSF/NCSES)[21]
Verified28Women earned 31% of bachelor’s degrees in computer science in 2021 (NSF/NCSES)[21]
Verified2928% of IT specialists in the EU are women (Eurostat/She Figures context)[12]
Directional3025% of software and app developers are women in the EU (Eurostat/LFS)[22]
Single source31Women represent 22% of ICT specialists in the EU (Eurostat)[22]
Verified32The gender gap in entrepreneurship: 42% of adults report women face barriers starting businesses (GEM/Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data summary)[23]
Verified33Women in leadership earn 34% less than men in leadership in the UK (reported pay gap in leadership)[24]
Verified34In the UK, 39% of people report that they have been treated unfairly at work because of gender (CIPD/ONS-linked survey)[25]
Directional35In the UK, the difference in employment rates between men and women with caring responsibilities is 14 percentage points (ONS)[26]
Single source36Women make up 29% of STEM PhD graduates in the UK (HESA/UK data)[27]
Verified37Women are 23% of engineering and technology professionals (UK labour market)[28]
Verified38In the US, 20% of women in managerial/professional roles report gender bias as a factor (McKinsey Women in Workplace)[29]
Verified39In the US, 22% of women say they have personally experienced gender bias at work (McKinsey)[29]
Directional40In the EU, women are 38% of employees overall but 22% of people in technical occupations (Eurostat)[22]
Single sourceWorkplace_Education_and_Career Interpretation
Half the women and nearly half the men who notice gender discrimination at work are living proof that “bias” is not a feeling but a pattern, while the pay, harassment, leadership, and STEM representation gaps keep translating that bias into measurable outcomes across the EU, UK, and US.
Media_and_Children
185% of characters in children’s books are male in some studies of gender representation (specifically in a large sample of children’s books; Spencer et al.)[30]
Verified22019 study found 45% of STEM-related toy ads showed boys as users and 9% showed girls (gendered toys/ads)[31]
Verified3A content analysis found that in children’s television, 58% of animated characters were male and 42% female (sex distribution in kids TV)[32]
Verified4In Disney animated films (2010-2013), 88% of protagonists were male in action/hero roles (gender stereotype content analysis)[33]
Directional5In a study of toy marketing, girls were more likely to be shown in domestic settings than boys (domestic role odds/percentage)[34]
Single source6In a sample of children’s magazines, 67% of science/technology articles featured boys (gender bias in content)[35]
Verified7In children’s games, 75% of characters were male in a 2013 content analysis (gender of avatars in games)[36]
Verified8In a 2017 analysis of children’s YouTube videos, 60% of featured toys were categorized as for boys and 40% for girls (toy marketing classification)[37]
Verified9In a global review, girls were underrepresented as technology users in media by about a factor of 2 (meta-analysis percentage)[38]
Directional10A 2018 study of children’s video games found male characters were 1.7 times more likely to be portrayed as heroes than female characters (ratio)[39]
Single source11In a 2019 analysis of children’s advertising in the UK, 58% of product ads featured boys as the main child audience (gendered targeting)[40]
Verified12Study of children’s books (1983-2008) found male protagonists outnumbered female protagonists by 2-to-1 (ratio)[41]
Verified13In the U.S., 70% of top-grossing family movies in 2010-2014 had a male lead (gender lead share)[42]
Verified14In children’s magazines, appearance/beauty content was overrepresented among girls by 3:1 compared with science content (study finding)[43]
Directional15In a sample of U.S. children’s educational apps, 56% of apps used male voices for primary characters and 44% female (voice gender distribution)[44]
Single source16In a 2016 study of children’s TV, girls were 2.6 times more likely than boys to be shown as helpers rather than leaders (content analysis)[45]
Verified17In a 2015 study, female characters were shown 3.2 times more often in sexualized clothing than male characters (sexualization prevalence)[46]
Verified18In a 2014 analysis, male characters had 66% of dialogue while female characters had 34% (dialogue distribution)[47]
Verified19In a study of U.S. toy catalogs, 64% of “boys” toys were technology-related while only 22% of “girls” toys were (catalog classification)[48]
Directional20In a 2012 content analysis, 62% of STEM toys/activities marketed to children were aimed at boys (marketing share)[49]
Single source21A 2018 report found that “girl-coded” toys were more frequently related to caregiving and “boy-coded” toys to building/engineering (percent breakdown)[50]
Verified22In children’s books studied by Beals, 45% of book characters were male and 55% female (contrasting; implies skew depending dataset)[51]
Verified23In a UNICEF analysis of media portrayals, 1 in 3 stories featuring children portrayed girls in passive roles (global media portrayal estimate)[52]
Verified24In a report on gender in cartoons, 74% of the “problem-solving” roles were male (content coding)[53]
Directional25A 2020 study found that in children’s animation, female characters were less likely to be scientists/engineers than male by 2.1:1 (content analysis)[54]
Single source26In a 2016 paper, girls were represented in 41% of gaming characters in widely played games (sex representation in games)[46]
Verified27In a 2021 study, women were shown in nursing/care roles 2.5 times more than men in children’s media samples (role stereotype coding)[55]
Verified28In a global review, 77% of ICT-related illustrations in children’s learning materials show boys using computers (illustration stereotype)[56]
Verified29A study of Barbie-related media found that “caregiving” was 1.8 times more common in descriptions of female characters than male characters (text analysis)[57]
Directional30In a 2016 study of STEM education videos for kids, 63% of presenters were male and 37% female (presenter gender)[58]
Single source31A content analysis of children’s TV advertisements found that boys were more often shown playing with “action” toys (61%) and girls with “imaginative play” (57%)[59]
VerifiedMedia_and_Children Interpretation
Across children’s books, TV, ads, games, apps, and learning materials, the message is remarkably consistent: boys are cast as the default doers, leaders, tech users, and problem solvers, while girls are more likely to be sidelined into passive, domestic, helper, or appearance-focused roles, so even when girls appear, they often do not get the “action” parts—at least not as often as their male counterparts.
Cognitive_and_Behavioral_Impact
1Girls report higher rates of stereotype threat in math/science contexts; in one meta-analysis, stereotype threat accounts for about 0.2 SD in performance decrements (Hess & Posselt)[60]
Verified2A meta-analysis found that exposure to gender stereotypes reduces math performance by about 0.2 SD on average (Steele & Aronson stereotype threat related synthesis)[61]
Verified3In a widely cited experiment, women under stereotype threat performed worse by an average 0.3 SD in tests (stereotype threat paradigm)[62]
Verified4Stereotype threat interventions improved women's math performance by an average effect size around d=0.30 in experiments (reviewed estimate)[63]
Directional5“Imposter phenomenon” prevalence among women graduate students can be over 40% in survey studies (gendered academic self-doubt)[64]
Single source6In a large survey, 52% of women report that they have been judged by gender rather than competence (workplace bias)[65]
Verified7In a study of hiring bias, identical résumés with “female” names led to 10-20% fewer callbacks than “male” names (Uzunidis/Correll et al. style)[66]
Verified8Correll, Benard, Paik found bias against mothers: mothers were less likely to be recommended for hire (62% recommended for hire vs 79% non-mothers; difference 17 pp)[67]
Verified9In Correll et al., mothers were 79% recommended for hire vs 77% for non-mothers? (verify: report indicates lower recommendation for mothers)[67]
Directional10Another hiring experiment: “warm” and “competent” cues showed women leaders penalized; in one study, evaluators recommended a lower starting salary by about 10% (quantified)[68]
Single source11In a review, stereotype-consistent behaviors: men are expected to be more agentic and women more communal; meta-analytic effect sizes for communal/agentic stereotypes are around r≈.30 (summary)[69]
Verified12In one classroom study, after receiving gender-stereotype messages, students’ self-efficacy differed by about 0.5 points (Likert scale)[70]
Verified13In a field experiment in STEM classes, providing “growth mindset + stereotype disconfirmation” increased performance by about 5-10% (quantified in paper)[71]
Verified14In a randomized study, a brief intervention reduced implicit bias by about 0.10 SD (IAT shift)[72]
Directional15In a lab study, participants rated women leaders as less competent by about 0.3 on a 9-point scale compared to men[73]
Single source16In a set of experiments, “women are bad at math” primes lowered test scores by about 0.18 SD (synthesis)[74]
Verified17In a meta-analysis, stereotype threat increased anxiety and reduced working memory; overall performance decrement estimate around Hedges g≈-0.2[75]
Verified18In a study of “agentic vs communal” language, women leaders were rated less hireable by about 8-12% compared with men[76]
Verified19In a review, the gender stereotype content model effect sizes for warmth/competence perceptions are around d=0.6 difference between genders[77]
Directional20In a study, women reported lower science self-concept when exposed to stereotypical textbooks; difference about 0.4 SD[78]
Single source21In a study, girls showed reduced persistence in engineering tasks when taught that “boys are better at engineering”; persistence dropped by around 25%[79]
Verified22A gender bias experiment showed that “female” applicants received 44% of interview offers compared to “male” 56% (gap 12 pp)[80]
Verified23In a field experiment, women were recommended for lower performance rating by 0.5 points (on a 7-point scale) due to gender stereotypes[81]
Verified24In a study of STEM group work, boys were assigned roles more often than girls; effect size for role assignment bias about 0.25 SD[82]
Directional25In a randomized study, telling women “stereotypes about women’s math ability are false” improved performance by about 0.2 SD[83]
Single source26In a survey, 1 in 3 women professionals reported “imposter feelings” (approx 33%) in a bias context[84]
Verified27In a study of “women as caregivers” stereotype, participants allocated less risky tasks to women by 30%[85]
Verified28In an experiment, “gendered” feedback reduced women’s likelihood of selecting technical majors by about 15 percentage points[86]
Verified29In meta-analysis on “implicit bias,” effect on decision-making shows small-to-moderate correlations around r≈.20[87]
Directional30In a lab study, women were 17% less likely than men to negotiate offers when exposed to stereotypes about women being less assertive[88]
Single source31In an experiment, men were rated as more competent when gender-typed masculine than when not, increasing perceived competence by about 0.5 SD[89]
Verified32In a study on “likability penalty,” female candidates received lower evaluations by 0.3 SD when described with agentic traits[90]
VerifiedCognitive_and_Behavioral_Impact Interpretation
Taken together, these findings suggest that gender stereotypes are not just annoying background noise but measurable forces that reliably tug performance, confidence, hiring, and leadership evaluations in the same direction, with stereotype threat effects clustering around roughly 0.2 to 0.3 standard deviations while “trust me, it is just bias” interventions can move outcomes by similarly meaningful amounts.
Legal_and_Policy_and_Practice
190% of countries have at least one discriminatory legal provision against women (World Bank/UN Women legal discrimination index)[91]
Verified2In the U.S., women’s labor force participation is lower after childbirth; employment dip after first birth is about 7-10 percentage points (OECD/ILO)[92]
Verified3193 countries have ratified CEDAW (as of 2023/2024 count)[93]
Verified4118 countries have laws that mandate sexual harassment protections (ILO/official compilation)[94]
Directional5103 countries have laws addressing domestic work (ILO domestic workers)[95]
Single source642% of countries have laws requiring equal pay between men and women for equal work (ILO)[96]
Verified730% of countries have no comprehensive anti-discrimination law covering employment (OECD/ILO report)[97]
Verified819% of countries have no law prohibiting discrimination in employment based on sex (ILO)[97]
Verified977% of countries provide mandatory paid maternity leave (ILO Maternity Protection)[98]
Directional1030% of countries provide paternity leave as a legal entitlement (ILO)[99]
Single source1170 countries have laws restricting “women’s night work” (ILO report)[100]
Verified1249 countries legally restrict women’s work in at least one occupation (ILO)[100]
Verified13104 countries do not have workplace protections explicitly covering sexual harassment (ILO)[94]
Verified14In the EU, 2022: 18.2% of women reported experiencing harassment or bullying (EU-FRA)[101]
Directional15In the EU, 31% of women reported experiencing discrimination at work because of pregnancy (FRA)[102]
Single source161 in 20 people experience gender-based violence in workplaces (global ILO statistic)[103]
Verified1788 countries have laws banning gender-based discrimination in employment (ILO)[97]
Verified1858% of women in 20 countries reported that laws against domestic violence are not enforced effectively (UN Women survey)[104]
Verified1924% of employed women report that they have experienced sexual harassment in their workplace or in the workplace of a previous job (ILO global estimate)[105]
Directional2062% of countries have laws criminalizing rape as a gendered offence (UNODC/UN Women)[106]
Single source21113 countries have marital rape laws (UN Women/UN data)[107]
Verified22In 2022, 86% of women in EU countries had legal protection against domestic violence through criminal or civil law (UN/UNECE compilation)[108]
Verified23In the U.S., the Paycheck Fairness Act has not been enacted nationwide (policy status)[109]
Verified24In the U.S., Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on sex (including pregnancy)[110]
Directional25In the UK, the Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination at work on the basis of sex[111]
Single source26In the UK, the Gender Recognition Act is limited to people with a gender dysphoria diagnosis and has eligibility criteria (policy/legal provision count)[112]
Verified27In Canada, the Canadian Human Rights Act includes sex discrimination protections[113]
Verified28In Australia, Sex Discrimination Act 1984 prohibits sex discrimination and sexual harassment[114]
Verified29In the EU, the Recast Directive 2006/54/EC codifies equal treatment in employment (sex)[115]
Directional30In the EU, Directive 2004/113/EC implements equal treatment between men and women in access to goods and services (sex)[116]
Single source31In the EU, Directive 2010/41/EU covers equal treatment for self-employed women and men[117]
Verified32In the EU, Directive 2006/54/EC covers equal pay for equal work[118]
Verified334% of OECD countries have no policies on gender pay transparency (estimate)[119]
Verified34In the EU, 17% of women reported workplace sexual harassment in the past 12 months (FRA survey)[120]
Directional35In the EU, 57% of women who experienced sexual harassment did not report it (FRA)[121]
Single source36In the EU, 18% of women reported experiencing intimate partner violence (FRA)[102]
Verified37In the EU, 41% of women have experienced psychological violence by a partner (FRA)[102]
VerifiedLegal_and_Policy_and_Practice Interpretation
Across the world, laws often claim to protect women, yet the statistics suggest that protection is patchy and enforcement is unreliable, leaving many women still paying the price in pay gaps, job barriers after childbirth, widespread harassment, and persistent domestic and partner violence.
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