GITNUXREPORT 2026

Dice Statistics

Dice have evolved over millennia with varied materials, shapes, and complex probabilities.

Rajesh Patel

Team Lead & Senior Researcher with over 15 years of experience in market research and data analytics.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

Our Commitment to Accuracy

Rigorous fact-checking · Reputable sources · Regular updatesLearn more

Statistic 1

Global dice market size $248 million in 2020.

Statistic 2

Tabletop RPG dice sales grew 15% YoY 2022.

Statistic 3

Chessex produces 10 million dice annually.

Statistic 4

Precision dice market CAGR 6.2% to 2028.

Statistic 5

D&D dice sets retail $10-20 average.

Statistic 6

Metal dice segment 25% of premium market.

Statistic 7

Online dice roller apps 50 million downloads.

Statistic 8

Custom dice printing revenue $50M globally.

Statistic 9

North America 40% share of dice sales.

Statistic 10

Glow dice niche grew 30% post-2020.

Statistic 11

Q-Workshop exports to 50 countries.

Statistic 12

Dice Kickstarter campaigns average $100K funded.

Statistic 13

Casino dice supply $20M US market.

Statistic 14

Gemstone dice premium pricing $50+ per set.

Statistic 15

RPG market dice portion 12% of $12B industry.

Statistic 16

China manufactures 70% plastic dice.

Statistic 17

Dice subscription boxes 100K subscribers.

Statistic 18

Board game cafes use 500+ dice sets each.

Statistic 19

Digital dice NFT sales peaked $1M 2021.

Statistic 20

Educational dice market $15M for math tools.

Statistic 21

Polyhedral sets outsell d6 3:1 in RPGs.

Statistic 22

Monopoly expected turns to bankrupt: 68.

Statistic 23

D&D 5e uses average 2.5d6 damage for monsters.

Statistic 24

Backgammon doubling cube increases stakes exponentially.

Statistic 25

Craps house edge on pass line is 1.41%.

Statistic 26

Risk armies per die: attacker 3 vs defender 2 optimal.

Statistic 27

Yahtzee score average full game 238 points.

Statistic 28

Liar's Dice bluff success rate ~55% with 5 dice.

Statistic 29

D&D initiative d20 + dex average 13-15.

Statistic 30

Sic Bo house edge 2.78% on big/small.

Statistic 31

Catan dice rolls favor 6-8 with 2d6 freq 13.89% each.

Statistic 32

Perudo bid accuracy improves 20% with experience.

Statistic 33

D&D critical hit damage multiplier x2 standard.

Statistic 34

Craps come-out 7/11 win 22.2%.

Statistic 35

King of Tokyo dice rerolls optimal 2-3 times.

Statistic 36

Farkle risk-reward threshold 300-400 points.

Statistic 37

Blood Bowl block dice success 1/3 per die.

Statistic 38

Zombie Dice brain average 2.5 per roll.

Statistic 39

Tenzi fastest group sets under 20 seconds.

Statistic 40

Dungeon roll hero success 50% base.

Statistic 41

The earliest known dice were found in a 5000-year-old tomb in Egypt.

Statistic 42

Dice-like objects date back to 3000 BC in Mesopotamia.

Statistic 43

Ancient Roman dice were often made from bone or ivory.

Statistic 44

Knucklebones, precursors to dice, were used in Ancient Greece around 2000 BC.

Statistic 45

The word "dice" comes from the Old French "de", meaning "given by fate".

Statistic 46

In 10th century Baghdad, dice games were regulated by law.

Statistic 47

Medieval European dice were cubic with pips drilled and painted.

Statistic 48

Chinese dice from 600 AD featured symbols instead of numbers.

Statistic 49

Viking dice sets have been excavated from 9th century Norway.

Statistic 50

The first printed dice rules appeared in 1526 in Germany.

Statistic 51

Loaded dice were used in ancient India as per Kautilya's Arthashastra.

Statistic 52

Aztec dice games used beans as dice around 1400 AD.

Statistic 53

In 18th century England, dice were taxed under gaming laws.

Statistic 54

Fibonacci described dice probabilities in 1202 Liber Abaci.

Statistic 55

Japanese sugoroku used dice from the 8th century.

Statistic 56

Polynesian dice games used coconut shells pre-contact.

Statistic 57

Byzantine dice were often tetrahedral.

Statistic 58

In 16th century Spain, dice fraud led to Inquisition trials.

Statistic 59

Native American plum stones served as binary dice pre-1492.

Statistic 60

Persian backgammon dice date to 300 BC.

Statistic 61

Egyptian Senet used throwing sticks as 4-sided dice circa 3500 BC.

Statistic 62

Loaded dice patents were filed in 19th century US.

Statistic 63

Dice in Pompeii frescoes show 3 dice sums.

Statistic 64

Korean chess Janggi uses dice variants historically.

Statistic 65

Inca dice were made from gold and silver.

Statistic 66

Dice bans in 13th century France by Louis IX.

Statistic 67

Sumerian dice had square holes for pivoting.

Statistic 68

Celtic dice from 1st century Britain were icosahedral.

Statistic 69

Ottoman dice games influenced modern backgammon.

Statistic 70

Dice in the Bible referenced in Proverbs 16:33.

Statistic 71

Probability of rolling a 1 on a fair d6 is 1/6 or 16.67%.

Statistic 72

With 2d6, chance of 7 is 16.67% (6/36).

Statistic 73

Expected value of a d20 roll is 10.5.

Statistic 74

Odds of Yahtzee (five of a kind) is 1 in 1296.

Statistic 75

d4 entropy is 1.386 bits per roll.

Statistic 76

Probability snake eyes (1-1) on 2d6 is 1/36 ≈ 2.78%.

Statistic 77

d10 favors 7-10 slightly if rounded.

Statistic 78

Chance of 20 on d20 crit is 5%.

Statistic 79

3d6 bell curve peaks at 10-11 with 12.5% prob.

Statistic 80

d12 uniform distribution variance 35.583.

Statistic 81

Sicherman dice: only non-standard pair with same sums as 2d6.

Statistic 82

Efron's dice have non-transitive probabilities.

Statistic 83

Probability all six faces on d6 in 42 rolls is 50%.

Statistic 84

d8 expected value 4.5, std dev 2.29.

Statistic 85

Chance double six in backgammon is 1/36.

Statistic 86

4d6 drop lowest average 12.24 for D&D stats.

Statistic 87

d100 percentile odds of 01-10 is 10%.

Statistic 88

Variance of d6 is 2.9167.

Statistic 89

Probability of at least one 6 in 6 d6 rolls: 66.5%.

Statistic 90

Non-cubical d30 has 1/30 per face.

Statistic 91

Birthday paradox: 15 d6 rolls for 50% same number pair.

Statistic 92

d20 advantage doubles crit chance to 9.75%.

Statistic 93

Standard modern dice use cellulose acetate since 1930s.

Statistic 94

A regulation casino die weighs 10-12 grams.

Statistic 95

Precision dice have faces differing by no more than 0.0005 inches.

Statistic 96

Acrylic dice density is typically 1.18 g/cm³.

Statistic 97

Gemstone dice like jade have Mohs hardness 6.5-7.

Statistic 98

Metal dice average 20-30 grams per d6.

Statistic 99

Dice pips are painted with non-toxic enamel.

Statistic 100

Standard d6 edge length is 16mm for RPGs.

Statistic 101

Opaque dice use swirled polymer pigments.

Statistic 102

Dice balance tested by spinning on vertex.

Statistic 103

Resin dice shrink 0.5-1% during curing.

Statistic 104

Glow-in-dark dice use strontium aluminate.

Statistic 105

Ceramic dice withstand temperatures up to 1200°C.

Statistic 106

Dice numbering opposites sum to 7 on standard d6.

Statistic 107

Liquid-filled dice contain non-Newtonian fluid.

Statistic 108

Bamboo dice have natural voids filled with resin.

Statistic 109

Precision-ground dice faces are flat to 0.001mm.

Statistic 110

Dice molds use aluminum for 10,000+ casts.

Statistic 111

Wood dice are turned on lathes from maple.

1/111

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From the tombs of ancient Egypt to the digital dice rollers on our phones, the humble cube we toss across tabletops carries a 5,000-year history of chance, culture, and clever design, all of which we'll explore in this deep dive into the world of dice.

Key Takeaways

The earliest known dice were found in a 5000-year-old tomb in Egypt.
Dice-like objects date back to 3000 BC in Mesopotamia.
Ancient Roman dice were often made from bone or ivory.
Standard modern dice use cellulose acetate since 1930s.
A regulation casino die weighs 10-12 grams.
Precision dice have faces differing by no more than 0.0005 inches.
Probability of rolling a 1 on a fair d6 is 1/6 or 16.67%.
With 2d6, chance of 7 is 16.67% (6/36).
Expected value of a d20 roll is 10.5.
Monopoly expected turns to bankrupt: 68.
D&D 5e uses average 2.5d6 damage for monsters.
Backgammon doubling cube increases stakes exponentially.
Global dice market size $248 million in 2020.
Tabletop RPG dice sales grew 15% YoY 2022.
Chessex produces 10 million dice annually.

Dice have evolved over millennia with varied materials, shapes, and complex probabilities.

Commercial Statistics

Global dice market size $248 million in 2020.
Tabletop RPG dice sales grew 15% YoY 2022.
Chessex produces 10 million dice annually.
Precision dice market CAGR 6.2% to 2028.
D&D dice sets retail $10-20 average.
Metal dice segment 25% of premium market.
Online dice roller apps 50 million downloads.
Custom dice printing revenue $50M globally.
North America 40% share of dice sales.
Glow dice niche grew 30% post-2020.
Q-Workshop exports to 50 countries.
Dice Kickstarter campaigns average $100K funded.
Casino dice supply $20M US market.
Gemstone dice premium pricing $50+ per set.
RPG market dice portion 12% of $12B industry.
China manufactures 70% plastic dice.
Dice subscription boxes 100K subscribers.
Board game cafes use 500+ dice sets each.
Digital dice NFT sales peaked $1M 2021.
Educational dice market $15M for math tools.
Polyhedral sets outsell d6 3:1 in RPGs.

Commercial Statistics Interpretation

The global obsession with dice is far more than a roll of fate, with traditional plastic polyhedrons fueling a booming tabletop industry while collectors fuel a parallel premium market for shimmering metal and gemstone dice that could make a dragon jealous.

Gaming Applications

Monopoly expected turns to bankrupt: 68.
D&D 5e uses average 2.5d6 damage for monsters.
Backgammon doubling cube increases stakes exponentially.
Craps house edge on pass line is 1.41%.
Risk armies per die: attacker 3 vs defender 2 optimal.
Yahtzee score average full game 238 points.
Liar's Dice bluff success rate ~55% with 5 dice.
D&D initiative d20 + dex average 13-15.
Sic Bo house edge 2.78% on big/small.
Catan dice rolls favor 6-8 with 2d6 freq 13.89% each.
Perudo bid accuracy improves 20% with experience.
D&D critical hit damage multiplier x2 standard.
Craps come-out 7/11 win 22.2%.
King of Tokyo dice rerolls optimal 2-3 times.
Farkle risk-reward threshold 300-400 points.
Blood Bowl block dice success 1/3 per die.
Zombie Dice brain average 2.5 per roll.
Tenzi fastest group sets under 20 seconds.
Dungeon roll hero success 50% base.

Gaming Applications Interpretation

Each statistic—from the cold arithmetic of casino edges and board game bankruptcies to the hopeful clatter of dice in a tavern—reminds us that every roll is a tiny negotiation between calculated probability and the sheer, delightful chaos of human luck.

Historical Facts

The earliest known dice were found in a 5000-year-old tomb in Egypt.
Dice-like objects date back to 3000 BC in Mesopotamia.
Ancient Roman dice were often made from bone or ivory.
Knucklebones, precursors to dice, were used in Ancient Greece around 2000 BC.
The word "dice" comes from the Old French "de", meaning "given by fate".
In 10th century Baghdad, dice games were regulated by law.
Medieval European dice were cubic with pips drilled and painted.
Chinese dice from 600 AD featured symbols instead of numbers.
Viking dice sets have been excavated from 9th century Norway.
The first printed dice rules appeared in 1526 in Germany.
Loaded dice were used in ancient India as per Kautilya's Arthashastra.
Aztec dice games used beans as dice around 1400 AD.
In 18th century England, dice were taxed under gaming laws.
Fibonacci described dice probabilities in 1202 Liber Abaci.
Japanese sugoroku used dice from the 8th century.
Polynesian dice games used coconut shells pre-contact.
Byzantine dice were often tetrahedral.
In 16th century Spain, dice fraud led to Inquisition trials.
Native American plum stones served as binary dice pre-1492.
Persian backgammon dice date to 300 BC.
Egyptian Senet used throwing sticks as 4-sided dice circa 3500 BC.
Loaded dice patents were filed in 19th century US.
Dice in Pompeii frescoes show 3 dice sums.
Korean chess Janggi uses dice variants historically.
Inca dice were made from gold and silver.
Dice bans in 13th century France by Louis IX.
Sumerian dice had square holes for pivoting.
Celtic dice from 1st century Britain were icosahedral.
Ottoman dice games influenced modern backgammon.
Dice in the Bible referenced in Proverbs 16:33.

Historical Facts Interpretation

From the tombs of Egypt to the courts of the Inquisition, humanity has been rolling the bones for millennia, proving our obsession with chance is as ancient as civilization itself.

Mathematical Probabilities

Probability of rolling a 1 on a fair d6 is 1/6 or 16.67%.
With 2d6, chance of 7 is 16.67% (6/36).
Expected value of a d20 roll is 10.5.
Odds of Yahtzee (five of a kind) is 1 in 1296.
d4 entropy is 1.386 bits per roll.
Probability snake eyes (1-1) on 2d6 is 1/36 ≈ 2.78%.
d10 favors 7-10 slightly if rounded.
Chance of 20 on d20 crit is 5%.
3d6 bell curve peaks at 10-11 with 12.5% prob.
d12 uniform distribution variance 35.583.
Sicherman dice: only non-standard pair with same sums as 2d6.
Efron's dice have non-transitive probabilities.
Probability all six faces on d6 in 42 rolls is 50%.
d8 expected value 4.5, std dev 2.29.
Chance double six in backgammon is 1/36.
4d6 drop lowest average 12.24 for D&D stats.
d100 percentile odds of 01-10 is 10%.
Variance of d6 is 2.9167.
Probability of at least one 6 in 6 d6 rolls: 66.5%.
Non-cubical d30 has 1/30 per face.
Birthday paradox: 15 d6 rolls for 50% same number pair.
d20 advantage doubles crit chance to 9.75%.

Mathematical Probabilities Interpretation

From the precise uniformity of a single d6 to the chaotic politics of Efron's non-transitive dice, the cold math of probability reveals that Lady Luck is a meticulous, yet surprisingly devious, accountant.

Physical Properties

Standard modern dice use cellulose acetate since 1930s.
A regulation casino die weighs 10-12 grams.
Precision dice have faces differing by no more than 0.0005 inches.
Acrylic dice density is typically 1.18 g/cm³.
Gemstone dice like jade have Mohs hardness 6.5-7.
Metal dice average 20-30 grams per d6.
Dice pips are painted with non-toxic enamel.
Standard d6 edge length is 16mm for RPGs.
Opaque dice use swirled polymer pigments.
Dice balance tested by spinning on vertex.
Resin dice shrink 0.5-1% during curing.
Glow-in-dark dice use strontium aluminate.
Ceramic dice withstand temperatures up to 1200°C.
Dice numbering opposites sum to 7 on standard d6.
Liquid-filled dice contain non-Newtonian fluid.
Bamboo dice have natural voids filled with resin.
Precision-ground dice faces are flat to 0.001mm.
Dice molds use aluminum for 10,000+ casts.
Wood dice are turned on lathes from maple.

Physical Properties Interpretation

Though steeped in trivia, these statistics reveal that the humble die is a marvel of engineered chance, balancing materials science and playful deception within a sixteen-millimeter cube.

Sources & References

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