Metal Industry Statistics

GITNUXREPORT 2026

Metal Industry Statistics

Steel use cooled globally to 1,745 million tonnes in 2022, yet India’s demand surged to 125 million tonnes and exports shifted fast, with China shipping 47.5 million tonnes while the EU slipped to 97 million. Track how each metal moved from production and jobs to carbon intensity and recycling outcomes, including 85% steel recycling and 2.0 billion tonnes of steel industry CO2.

111 statistics5 sections8 min readUpdated today

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

Global apparent steel use in 2022 was 1,745 million tonnes, down 2.5% from 2021.

Statistic 2

China's apparent steel use in 2022 was 1,023 million tonnes, a 3.8% decline.

Statistic 3

EU apparent steel consumption in 2022 fell to 132 million tonnes, down 5.1%.

Statistic 4

US steel consumption in 2022 was 105 million tonnes, up 1.6%.

Statistic 5

India's steel use reached 125 million tonnes in 2022, growing 13.3%.

Statistic 6

Japan's apparent steel use in 2022 was 63 million tonnes, down 2.6%.

Statistic 7

Global aluminum consumption in 2022 was approximately 70 million metric tons.

Statistic 8

China's aluminum consumption in 2022 exceeded 40 million metric tons.

Statistic 9

US primary aluminum apparent consumption in 2022 was 5.6 million metric tons.

Statistic 10

Global refined copper consumption in 2022 was 25.8 million metric tons.

Statistic 11

China's refined copper consumption hit 14.2 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 12

EU copper apparent consumption in 2022 was 3.3 million metric tons.

Statistic 13

Global zinc consumption in 2022 totaled 13.5 million metric tons.

Statistic 14

China's zinc consumption was 6.5 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 15

US zinc apparent consumption in 2022 was 0.28 million short tons.

Statistic 16

Global nickel consumption in 2022 was 3.2 million metric tons.

Statistic 17

China's nickel consumption reached 1.4 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 18

Global lead consumption in 2022 was 4.8 million metric tons.

Statistic 19

China's lead consumption was 2.0 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 20

The global steel industry employed approximately 3.2 million people directly in 2022.

Statistic 21

In China, the steel sector provided jobs to over 1.5 million workers in 2022.

Statistic 22

US steel industry employment stood at 83,600 in 2022.

Statistic 23

India's steel industry employed 2.5 million people directly and indirectly in 2022.

Statistic 24

EU steel sector had 325,000 direct employees in 2022.

Statistic 25

Japan's steel industry workforce was around 300,000 in 2022.

Statistic 26

South Korea steel employment totaled 120,000 workers in 2022.

Statistic 27

Brazil steel industry employed 140,000 people in 2022.

Statistic 28

Global aluminum industry direct employment was about 1 million in 2022.

Statistic 29

US primary aluminum employment was 14,000 in 2022.

Statistic 30

China's aluminum sector employed over 500,000 workers in 2022.

Statistic 31

Global copper mining employment exceeded 1.5 million in 2022.

Statistic 32

Chile copper mines employed 180,000 people in 2022.

Statistic 33

US copper employment was 10,000 in mining in 2022.

Statistic 34

Global zinc mining workforce was around 200,000 in 2022.

Statistic 35

Australia's zinc and lead mines employed 25,000 in 2022.

Statistic 36

Global nickel industry employment totaled 150,000 in 2022.

Statistic 37

Indonesia nickel mining jobs reached 100,000 in 2022.

Statistic 38

Global lead recycling employs over 500,000 people worldwide.

Statistic 39

US steel industry saw a 2% employment decline to 83,600 in 2022 from 2021.

Statistic 40

The steel industry generated 50 million indirect jobs globally in 2022.

Statistic 41

In 2022, global crude steel production reached 1,888 million tonnes, a 1.6% decrease from 2021, with China accounting for 1,013 million tonnes or 53.6% of the total.

Statistic 42

China's steel production in 2022 was 1,013.0 million tonnes, down 1.1% from the previous year.

Statistic 43

India produced 124.8 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, an increase of 6.5% year-over-year.

Statistic 44

Japan's crude steel output in 2022 totaled 89.2 million tonnes, a decline of 5.7% from 2021.

Statistic 45

The United States produced 80.5 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, down 4.2%.

Statistic 46

Global pig iron production in 2022 was 1,273 million tonnes, with China leading at 796 million tonnes.

Statistic 47

Brazil's crude steel production reached 36.0 million tonnes in 2022, up 3.8%.

Statistic 48

Russia's steel output in 2022 was 71.5 million tonnes, a 5.5% decrease.

Statistic 49

South Korea produced 65.9 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, down 0.7%.

Statistic 50

Germany's steel production in 2022 was 35.8 million tonnes, falling 6.1%.

Statistic 51

Turkey outputted 35.1 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, down 10.2%.

Statistic 52

Iran's crude steel production hit 30.5 million tonnes in 2022, up 6.1%.

Statistic 53

Ukraine produced 6.2 million tonnes in 2022, a sharp 70.3% drop due to conflict.

Statistic 54

Global direct reduced iron (DRI) production in 2022 was 128.5 million tonnes, up 6.5%.

Statistic 55

India led DRI production with 45.6 million tonnes in 2022.

Statistic 56

US aluminum production in 2022 was 1.05 million metric tons of primary aluminum.

Statistic 57

Global primary aluminum production reached 69.1 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 58

China's primary aluminum output in 2022 was 40.0 million metric tons.

Statistic 59

Global copper mine production in 2022 totaled 21.7 million metric tons.

Statistic 60

Chile produced 5.4 million metric tons of copper mine output in 2022.

Statistic 61

Peru's copper mine production was 2.2 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 62

Global zinc mine production in 2022 was 13.3 million metric tons.

Statistic 63

China's zinc mine production reached 4.3 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 64

Australia's zinc output was 1.3 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 65

Global nickel mine production in 2022 hit 3.3 million metric tons.

Statistic 66

Indonesia produced 1.6 million metric tons of nickel mines in 2022.

Statistic 67

Philippines nickel mine production was 0.37 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 68

Global lead mine production in 2022 was 4.6 million metric tons.

Statistic 69

China's lead mine output was 1.9 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 70

Australia's lead production reached 0.51 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 71

Steel industry CO2 emissions totaled 2.0 billion tonnes in 2022, about 7-9% of global total.

Statistic 72

Global steel production emitted 1.85 tonnes CO2 per tonne of steel on average in 2022.

Statistic 73

China steel sector CO2 emissions were 1.8 billion tonnes in 2022.

Statistic 74

EU steel emissions fell 5% to 130 million tonnes CO2 in 2022.

Statistic 75

Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route emitted 1.9 t CO2/t steel in 2022 globally.

Statistic 76

Electric arc furnace (EAF) average emission was 0.4 t CO2/t steel in 2022.

Statistic 77

Global steel recycling rate reached 85% in 2022.

Statistic 78

520 million tonnes of steel scrap used globally in 2022.

Statistic 79

Aluminum recycling saved 95% energy compared to primary production in 2022.

Statistic 80

Global secondary aluminum production was 33% of total in 2022.

Statistic 81

Copper recycling rate was 42% globally in 2022.

Statistic 82

7.5 million tonnes of copper scrap recycled worldwide in 2022.

Statistic 83

Zinc recycling rate achieved 60% in 2022.

Statistic 84

Nickel recycling contributed 40% to supply in stainless steel in 2022.

Statistic 85

Lead-acid battery recycling rate was 99% in developed countries in 2022.

Statistic 86

Steel industry water usage averaged 25 m3 per tonne of steel in 2022 globally.

Statistic 87

Global aluminum smelting energy intensity was 13.9 MWh per tonne in 2022.

Statistic 88

World steel exports in 2022 totaled 449 million tonnes, down 7.6% from 2021.

Statistic 89

China exported 47.5 million tonnes of steel in 2022, up 32.1%.

Statistic 90

Japan steel exports in 2022 were 51.1 million tonnes, up 11.3%.

Statistic 91

South Korea exported 40.3 million tonnes of steel in 2022, down 1.0%.

Statistic 92

Russia steel exports fell to 34.3 million tonnes in 2022, down 22.7%.

Statistic 93

Turkey exported 17.5 million tonnes of steel in 2022, up 19.4%.

Statistic 94

India steel exports surged to 16.5 million tonnes in 2022, up 49.3%.

Statistic 95

EU steel exports in 2022 were 97 million tonnes, down 11.7%.

Statistic 96

US steel exports in 2022 totaled 7.6 million net tons, up 7.5%.

Statistic 97

Global aluminum exports in 2022 reached about 25 million metric tons.

Statistic 98

Russia was the top aluminum exporter with 5.9 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 99

UAE aluminum exports were 5.4 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 100

Global copper exports in 2022 totaled 20.5 million metric tons of refined copper.

Statistic 101

Chile exported 5.0 million metric tons of copper in 2022.

Statistic 102

Japan copper exports reached 1.6 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 103

Global zinc exports in 2022 were approximately 12 million metric tons.

Statistic 104

Peru zinc exports hit 1.2 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 105

Australia exported 0.8 million metric tons of zinc in 2022.

Statistic 106

Global nickel exports in 2022 totaled 2.8 million metric tons.

Statistic 107

Indonesia nickel exports were 1.4 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 108

Canada exported 0.2 million metric tons of nickel in 2022.

Statistic 109

Global lead exports in 2022 reached 4.2 million metric tons.

Statistic 110

Mexico lead exports were 0.4 million metric tons in 2022.

Statistic 111

Australia exported 0.3 million metric tons of lead in 2022.

Sources
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David Sutherland

Written by David Sutherland·Fact-checked by Nikolas Papadopoulos

Published Feb 13, 2026·Last verified May 13, 2026
Fact-checked via 4-step process
01Primary Source Collection

Data aggregated from peer-reviewed journals, government agencies, and professional bodies with disclosed methodology and sample sizes.

02Editorial Curation

Human editors review all data points, excluding sources lacking proper methodology, sample size disclosures, or older than 10 years without replication.

03AI-Powered Verification

Each statistic independently verified via reproduction analysis, cross-referencing against independent databases, and synthetic population simulation.

04Human Cross-Check

Final human editorial review of all AI-verified statistics. Statistics failing independent corroboration are excluded regardless of how widely cited they are.

Read our full methodology →

Statistics that fail independent corroboration are excluded.

Steel demand slipped worldwide while trade kept moving, with 2022 global apparent steel use at 1,745 million tonnes and exports falling to 449 million tonnes. At the same time, metals and jobs were shifting in different directions, from India’s 13.3% steel-use surge to employment pressures in the US. If you track steel, aluminum, copper, and zinc side by side, the pattern of who is growing, who is shrinking, and how fast materials are being recycled starts to look less predictable than you’d expect.

Key Takeaways

  • Global apparent steel use in 2022 was 1,745 million tonnes, down 2.5% from 2021.
  • China's apparent steel use in 2022 was 1,023 million tonnes, a 3.8% decline.
  • EU apparent steel consumption in 2022 fell to 132 million tonnes, down 5.1%.
  • The global steel industry employed approximately 3.2 million people directly in 2022.
  • In China, the steel sector provided jobs to over 1.5 million workers in 2022.
  • US steel industry employment stood at 83,600 in 2022.
  • In 2022, global crude steel production reached 1,888 million tonnes, a 1.6% decrease from 2021, with China accounting for 1,013 million tonnes or 53.6% of the total.
  • China's steel production in 2022 was 1,013.0 million tonnes, down 1.1% from the previous year.
  • India produced 124.8 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, an increase of 6.5% year-over-year.
  • Steel industry CO2 emissions totaled 2.0 billion tonnes in 2022, about 7-9% of global total.
  • Global steel production emitted 1.85 tonnes CO2 per tonne of steel on average in 2022.
  • China steel sector CO2 emissions were 1.8 billion tonnes in 2022.
  • World steel exports in 2022 totaled 449 million tonnes, down 7.6% from 2021.
  • China exported 47.5 million tonnes of steel in 2022, up 32.1%.
  • Japan steel exports in 2022 were 51.1 million tonnes, up 11.3%.

In 2022, steel use fell globally while India and exports rose, and recycling drove lower metals impacts.

Consumption

1Global apparent steel use in 2022 was 1,745 million tonnes, down 2.5% from 2021.
Verified
2China's apparent steel use in 2022 was 1,023 million tonnes, a 3.8% decline.
Directional
3EU apparent steel consumption in 2022 fell to 132 million tonnes, down 5.1%.
Verified
4US steel consumption in 2022 was 105 million tonnes, up 1.6%.
Verified
5India's steel use reached 125 million tonnes in 2022, growing 13.3%.
Verified
6Japan's apparent steel use in 2022 was 63 million tonnes, down 2.6%.
Verified
7Global aluminum consumption in 2022 was approximately 70 million metric tons.
Verified
8China's aluminum consumption in 2022 exceeded 40 million metric tons.
Verified
9US primary aluminum apparent consumption in 2022 was 5.6 million metric tons.
Single source
10Global refined copper consumption in 2022 was 25.8 million metric tons.
Directional
11China's refined copper consumption hit 14.2 million metric tons in 2022.
Verified
12EU copper apparent consumption in 2022 was 3.3 million metric tons.
Verified
13Global zinc consumption in 2022 totaled 13.5 million metric tons.
Verified
14China's zinc consumption was 6.5 million metric tons in 2022.
Single source
15US zinc apparent consumption in 2022 was 0.28 million short tons.
Directional
16Global nickel consumption in 2022 was 3.2 million metric tons.
Directional
17China's nickel consumption reached 1.4 million metric tons in 2022.
Verified
18Global lead consumption in 2022 was 4.8 million metric tons.
Verified
19China's lead consumption was 2.0 million metric tons in 2022.
Verified

Consumption Interpretation

The world's metals market collectively caught a slight chill last year, but China still consumed enough steel and aluminum to build a small planet, leaving everyone else to fight over the scraps while India enthusiastically joined the feast.

Employment

1The global steel industry employed approximately 3.2 million people directly in 2022.
Verified
2In China, the steel sector provided jobs to over 1.5 million workers in 2022.
Verified
3US steel industry employment stood at 83,600 in 2022.
Verified
4India's steel industry employed 2.5 million people directly and indirectly in 2022.
Single source
5EU steel sector had 325,000 direct employees in 2022.
Verified
6Japan's steel industry workforce was around 300,000 in 2022.
Verified
7South Korea steel employment totaled 120,000 workers in 2022.
Verified
8Brazil steel industry employed 140,000 people in 2022.
Single source
9Global aluminum industry direct employment was about 1 million in 2022.
Single source
10US primary aluminum employment was 14,000 in 2022.
Verified
11China's aluminum sector employed over 500,000 workers in 2022.
Directional
12Global copper mining employment exceeded 1.5 million in 2022.
Verified
13Chile copper mines employed 180,000 people in 2022.
Verified
14US copper employment was 10,000 in mining in 2022.
Verified
15Global zinc mining workforce was around 200,000 in 2022.
Verified
16Australia's zinc and lead mines employed 25,000 in 2022.
Single source
17Global nickel industry employment totaled 150,000 in 2022.
Verified
18Indonesia nickel mining jobs reached 100,000 in 2022.
Verified
19Global lead recycling employs over 500,000 people worldwide.
Verified
20US steel industry saw a 2% employment decline to 83,600 in 2022 from 2021.
Verified
21The steel industry generated 50 million indirect jobs globally in 2022.
Single source

Employment Interpretation

Even as the global steel industry stands as a titan of employment with over 3 million direct jobs—and a staggering 50 million indirect ones—it's a restless titan, with subtle but telling tremors in regions like the U.S. highlighting its perpetual dance between economic might and market volatility.

Production

1In 2022, global crude steel production reached 1,888 million tonnes, a 1.6% decrease from 2021, with China accounting for 1,013 million tonnes or 53.6% of the total.
Verified
2China's steel production in 2022 was 1,013.0 million tonnes, down 1.1% from the previous year.
Verified
3India produced 124.8 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, an increase of 6.5% year-over-year.
Verified
4Japan's crude steel output in 2022 totaled 89.2 million tonnes, a decline of 5.7% from 2021.
Directional
5The United States produced 80.5 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, down 4.2%.
Single source
6Global pig iron production in 2022 was 1,273 million tonnes, with China leading at 796 million tonnes.
Single source
7Brazil's crude steel production reached 36.0 million tonnes in 2022, up 3.8%.
Single source
8Russia's steel output in 2022 was 71.5 million tonnes, a 5.5% decrease.
Single source
9South Korea produced 65.9 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, down 0.7%.
Verified
10Germany's steel production in 2022 was 35.8 million tonnes, falling 6.1%.
Single source
11Turkey outputted 35.1 million tonnes of crude steel in 2022, down 10.2%.
Verified
12Iran's crude steel production hit 30.5 million tonnes in 2022, up 6.1%.
Verified
13Ukraine produced 6.2 million tonnes in 2022, a sharp 70.3% drop due to conflict.
Verified
14Global direct reduced iron (DRI) production in 2022 was 128.5 million tonnes, up 6.5%.
Verified
15India led DRI production with 45.6 million tonnes in 2022.
Verified
16US aluminum production in 2022 was 1.05 million metric tons of primary aluminum.
Single source
17Global primary aluminum production reached 69.1 million metric tons in 2022.
Verified
18China's primary aluminum output in 2022 was 40.0 million metric tons.
Verified
19Global copper mine production in 2022 totaled 21.7 million metric tons.
Verified
20Chile produced 5.4 million metric tons of copper mine output in 2022.
Verified
21Peru's copper mine production was 2.2 million metric tons in 2022.
Verified
22Global zinc mine production in 2022 was 13.3 million metric tons.
Verified
23China's zinc mine production reached 4.3 million metric tons in 2022.
Single source
24Australia's zinc output was 1.3 million metric tons in 2022.
Directional
25Global nickel mine production in 2022 hit 3.3 million metric tons.
Single source
26Indonesia produced 1.6 million metric tons of nickel mines in 2022.
Verified
27Philippines nickel mine production was 0.37 million metric tons in 2022.
Verified
28Global lead mine production in 2022 was 4.6 million metric tons.
Directional
29China's lead mine output was 1.9 million metric tons in 2022.
Single source
30Australia's lead production reached 0.51 million metric tons in 2022.
Single source

Production Interpretation

The global metals industry in 2022 resembled a lopsided seesaw, with China's sheer gravitational pull on production figures only slightly offset by India's spirited climb, while geopolitical conflict in Ukraine tragically demonstrated how quickly a major industrial pillar can be reduced to rubble.

Sustainability/Environment

1Steel industry CO2 emissions totaled 2.0 billion tonnes in 2022, about 7-9% of global total.
Verified
2Global steel production emitted 1.85 tonnes CO2 per tonne of steel on average in 2022.
Verified
3China steel sector CO2 emissions were 1.8 billion tonnes in 2022.
Verified
4EU steel emissions fell 5% to 130 million tonnes CO2 in 2022.
Verified
5Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route emitted 1.9 t CO2/t steel in 2022 globally.
Verified
6Electric arc furnace (EAF) average emission was 0.4 t CO2/t steel in 2022.
Verified
7Global steel recycling rate reached 85% in 2022.
Directional
8520 million tonnes of steel scrap used globally in 2022.
Verified
9Aluminum recycling saved 95% energy compared to primary production in 2022.
Verified
10Global secondary aluminum production was 33% of total in 2022.
Verified
11Copper recycling rate was 42% globally in 2022.
Verified
127.5 million tonnes of copper scrap recycled worldwide in 2022.
Verified
13Zinc recycling rate achieved 60% in 2022.
Verified
14Nickel recycling contributed 40% to supply in stainless steel in 2022.
Verified
15Lead-acid battery recycling rate was 99% in developed countries in 2022.
Verified
16Steel industry water usage averaged 25 m3 per tonne of steel in 2022 globally.
Directional
17Global aluminum smelting energy intensity was 13.9 MWh per tonne in 2022.
Verified

Sustainability/Environment Interpretation

The steel industry, a climate heavyweight responsible for nearly a tenth of global emissions, shows a stark choice between the dirty past of blast furnaces and a cleaner future powered by recycled scrap and electric arcs, a path already being paved by remarkably high recycling rates for metals like steel, lead, and aluminum.

Trade/Exports

1World steel exports in 2022 totaled 449 million tonnes, down 7.6% from 2021.
Verified
2China exported 47.5 million tonnes of steel in 2022, up 32.1%.
Directional
3Japan steel exports in 2022 were 51.1 million tonnes, up 11.3%.
Verified
4South Korea exported 40.3 million tonnes of steel in 2022, down 1.0%.
Directional
5Russia steel exports fell to 34.3 million tonnes in 2022, down 22.7%.
Verified
6Turkey exported 17.5 million tonnes of steel in 2022, up 19.4%.
Verified
7India steel exports surged to 16.5 million tonnes in 2022, up 49.3%.
Verified
8EU steel exports in 2022 were 97 million tonnes, down 11.7%.
Directional
9US steel exports in 2022 totaled 7.6 million net tons, up 7.5%.
Verified
10Global aluminum exports in 2022 reached about 25 million metric tons.
Verified
11Russia was the top aluminum exporter with 5.9 million metric tons in 2022.
Directional
12UAE aluminum exports were 5.4 million metric tons in 2022.
Single source
13Global copper exports in 2022 totaled 20.5 million metric tons of refined copper.
Directional
14Chile exported 5.0 million metric tons of copper in 2022.
Directional
15Japan copper exports reached 1.6 million metric tons in 2022.
Single source
16Global zinc exports in 2022 were approximately 12 million metric tons.
Single source
17Peru zinc exports hit 1.2 million metric tons in 2022.
Single source
18Australia exported 0.8 million metric tons of zinc in 2022.
Verified
19Global nickel exports in 2022 totaled 2.8 million metric tons.
Verified
20Indonesia nickel exports were 1.4 million metric tons in 2022.
Directional
21Canada exported 0.2 million metric tons of nickel in 2022.
Verified
22Global lead exports in 2022 reached 4.2 million metric tons.
Single source
23Mexico lead exports were 0.4 million metric tons in 2022.
Verified
24Australia exported 0.3 million metric tons of lead in 2022.
Single source

Trade/Exports Interpretation

The global metal trade is a tumultuous orchestra where China's steel section plays a fortissimo solo, Indonesia's nickel takes a sudden, commanding lead, and the rest of the ensemble struggles to keep time amidst geopolitical discord and wavering demand.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.

Single source
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

Cite This Report

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APA
David Sutherland. (2026, February 13). Metal Industry Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/metal-industry-statistics
MLA
David Sutherland. "Metal Industry Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/metal-industry-statistics.
Chicago
David Sutherland. 2026. "Metal Industry Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/metal-industry-statistics.

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