Cuba is where a population that has shifted from about 10.1 million in 1990 to 11.2 million in 2024, paired with a 75 percent urban life and a life expectancy of 78.1 years, sets the stage for a country shaped by strong health outcomes, changing demographics, and real economic pressure.
Key Takeaways
- Cuba’s population was 11,221,317 in 2024 (UN DESA).
- Cuba’s population was 10,116,560 in 1990 (World Bank).
- Cuba’s population was 11,512,579 in 2020 (World Bank).
- Cuba’s GDP (current US$) was $111.5 billion in 2023 (IMF World Economic Outlook database via IMF DataMapper).
- Cuba’s GDP (PPP) was $345.2 billion in 2023 (IMF WEO).
- Cuba’s GDP per capita (current US$) was $9,960 in 2023 (IMF WEO).
- Cuba’s life expectancy at birth (WHO Global Health Observatory) was 78.1 years in 2019.
- Cuba’s under-five mortality rate was 5.9 per 1,000 live births in 2021 (World Bank/UN IGME).
- Cuba’s neonatal mortality rate was 2.9 per 1,000 live births in 2021 (World Bank/UN IGME).
- Cuba’s total area is 109,884 km² (CIA World Factbook).
- Cuba’s land area is 104,441 km² (CIA World Factbook).
- Cuba’s water area is 5,443 km² (CIA World Factbook).
Cuba’s population is aging, urbanizing, and shrinking slightly, with strong health outcomes.
Demographics
1Cuba’s population was 11,221,317 in 2024 (UN DESA).[1]
Verified2Cuba’s population was 10,116,560 in 1990 (World Bank).[2]
Verified3Cuba’s population was 11,512,579 in 2020 (World Bank).[2]
Verified4Cuba’s population density was 111.0 people per km² in 2022 (World Bank).[3]
Directional5Cuba’s urban population was 7,873,000 people in 2022 (World Bank).[4]
Single source6Cuba’s urban population (% of total) was 75.0% in 2022 (World Bank).[5]
Verified7Cuba’s total fertility rate was 1.59 births per woman in 2021 (World Bank).[6]
Verified8Cuba’s life expectancy at birth was 78.1 years in 2021 (World Bank).[7]
Verified9Cuba’s life expectancy at birth (female) was 80.6 years in 2021 (World Bank).[8]
Directional10Cuba’s life expectancy at birth (male) was 75.6 years in 2021 (World Bank).[9]
Single source11Cuba’s crude birth rate was 10.3 births per 1,000 people in 2022 (World Bank).[10]
Verified12Cuba’s crude death rate was 11.0 deaths per 1,000 people in 2022 (World Bank).[11]
Verified13Cuba’s net migration rate was -0.4 migrants per 1,000 population in 2022 (World Bank).[12]
Verified14Cuba’s infant mortality rate was 4.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022 (World Bank).[13]
Directional15Cuba’s under-five mortality rate was 5.8 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022 (World Bank).[14]
Single source16Cuba’s maternal mortality ratio was 42 per 100,000 live births in 2020 (World Bank).[15]
Verified17Cuba’s HIV prevalence among adults (15-49) was 0.1% in 2022 (World Bank).[16]
Verified18Cuba’s adult obesity prevalence was 24.1% in 2016 (WHO/Global Health Observatory via World Bank indicator).[17]
Verified19Cuba’s population growth (annual %) was -0.3% in 2022 (World Bank).[18]
Directional20Cuba’s median age was 41.0 years in 2021 (UN data via World Bank indicator).[19]
Single source21Cuba’s youth literacy rate (ages 15-24) was 99% in 2015 (UNESCO UIS via World Bank).[20]
Verified22Cuba’s population ages 0-14 was 18.3% in 2022 (UN data via Our World in Data).[21]
Verified23Cuba’s population ages 15-64 was 68.9% in 2022 (UN data via Our World in Data).[22]
Verified24Cuba’s population ages 65+ was 12.8% in 2022 (UN data via Our World in Data).[23]
Directional25Cuba had 1.18 million people aged 65+ in 2022 (UN data via Our World in Data).[24]
Single source26Cuba had 7.31 million people aged 15-64 in 2022 (UN data via Our World in Data).[25]
Verified27Cuba had 2.06 million people aged 0-14 in 2022 (UN data via Our World in Data).[26]
Verified28Cuba’s total life expectancy was 78.1 years in 2021 (WHO Global Health Observatory via World Bank indicator).[7]
Verified29Cuba’s dependency ratio (total) was 45.3 in 2022 (World Bank).[27]
Directional30Cuba’s dependency ratio (old) was 18.6 in 2022 (World Bank).[28]
Single source31Cuba’s dependency ratio (young) was 26.7 in 2022 (World Bank).[29]
Verified32Cuba’s population in 2010 was 11,229,497 (World Bank).[2]
Verified33Cuba’s population in 2000 was 11,177,743 (World Bank).[2]
Verified34Cuba’s population in 1981 was 10,438,000 (UN).[1]
Directional35Cuba’s birth rate was 10.5 per 1,000 in 2020 (World Bank).[10]
Single source36Cuba’s death rate was 11.7 per 1,000 in 2020 (World Bank).[11]
VerifiedDemographics Interpretation
Cuba’s numbers read like a nation that is simultaneously thriving and aging: life expectancy is high and infant mortality is low, yet fertility is below replacement, migration is slightly negative, and a heavy dependency ratio with a growing 65 plus population suggests the demographic math will keep getting harder even as youth literacy stays near universal.
Economy
1Cuba’s GDP (current US$) was $111.5 billion in 2023 (IMF World Economic Outlook database via IMF DataMapper).[30]
Verified2Cuba’s GDP (PPP) was $345.2 billion in 2023 (IMF WEO).[30]
Verified3Cuba’s GDP per capita (current US$) was $9,960 in 2023 (IMF WEO).[30]
Verified4Cuba’s GDP growth rate was -1.0% in 2023 (IMF WEO).[30]
Directional5Cuba’s GDP growth rate was 0.5% in 2022 (IMF WEO).[30]
Single source6Cuba’s unemployment rate was 2.9% in 2022 (ILO modelled estimates).[31]
Verified7Cuba’s CPI inflation (annual %) was 33.0% in 2023 (IMF WEO).[30]
Verified8Cuba’s inflation (consumer prices) was 30.8% in 2022 (World Bank).[32]
Verified9Cuba’s GDP growth (annual %) was -0.1% in 2019 (World Bank).[33]
Directional10Cuba’s GDP growth (annual %) was 2.0% in 2018 (World Bank).[33]
Single source11Cuba’s GDP growth (annual %) was -11.0% in 2020 (World Bank).[33]
Verified12Cuba’s gross capital formation (% of GDP) was 18.9% in 2021 (World Bank).[34]
Verified13Cuba’s industry value added (% of GDP) was 27.4% in 2022 (World Bank).[35]
Verified14Cuba’s services value added (% of GDP) was 55.2% in 2022 (World Bank).[36]
Directional15Cuba’s agriculture value added (% of GDP) was 17.4% in 2022 (World Bank).[37]
Single source16Cuba’s merchandise exports were $1.5 billion in 2023 (World Bank/WITS).[38]
Verified17Cuba’s merchandise imports were $5.4 billion in 2023 (World Bank/WITS).[39]
Verified18Cuba’s current account balance was -$2.7 billion in 2023 (IMF WEO).[30]
Verified19Cuba’s merchandise trade balance was -$3.9 billion in 2023 (World Bank).[38]
Directional20Cuba’s gross national savings (% of GDP) was 18.7% in 2021 (World Bank).[40]
Single source21Cuba’s poverty headcount ratio at $6.85/day (2017 PPP) was 24.0% in 2019 (World Bank PovcalNet).[41]
Verified22Cuba’s poverty headcount ratio at $2.15/day (2017 PPP) was 1.4% in 2019 (World Bank PovcalNet).[41]
Verified23Cuba’s Gini index was 39.3 in 2019 (World Bank PovcalNet).[41]
Verified24Cuba’s external debt stock was $30.2 billion in 2022 (World Bank).[42]
Directional25Cuba’s total reserves minus gold were $5.6 billion in 2022 (IMF data via World Bank).[43]
Single source26Cuba’s official exchange rate (LCU per US$) averaged 24.0 in 2023 (IMF).[44]
Verified27Cuba’s remittances inflows were $3.0 billion in 2022 (World Bank).[45]
Verified28Cuba’s foreign direct investment (net inflows, % of GDP) was 0.9% in 2022 (World Bank).[46]
Verified29Cuba’s FDI net inflows (US$) were $1.1 billion in 2022 (World Bank).[47]
Directional30Cuba’s debt service ratio was 2.5% in 2022 (World Bank).[48]
Single source31Cuba’s energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) was 1,618 in 2020 (World Bank).[49]
VerifiedEconomy Interpretation
Cuba in 2023 looks like a low growth, high inflation economy where output is shrinking slightly while prices sprint ahead, imports outpace exports by billions, the current account stays deeply negative, poverty measured at higher versus lower income lines tells a tale of stark inequality depending on the threshold, and even with modest FDI and remittances, a tight reserve position and sizable external debt make the macro story feel less like a recovery and more like a balancing act.
Health
1Cuba’s life expectancy at birth (WHO Global Health Observatory) was 78.1 years in 2019.[50]
Verified2Cuba’s under-five mortality rate was 5.9 per 1,000 live births in 2021 (World Bank/UN IGME).[14]
Verified3Cuba’s neonatal mortality rate was 2.9 per 1,000 live births in 2021 (World Bank/UN IGME).[51]
Verified4Cuba’s immunization coverage (DPT) was 86% in 2022 (WHO/UNICEF via World Bank indicator).[52]
Directional5Cuba’s immunization coverage (measles, %) was 88% in 2022 (World Bank).[53]
Single source6Cuba’s tuberculosis incidence was 37 per 100,000 population in 2022 (WHO via World Bank).[54]
Verified7Cuba’s tuberculosis mortality was 6 per 100,000 population in 2022 (WHO via World Bank).[55]
Verified8Cuba’s malaria incidence was 0.0 per 1,000 population in 2022 (WHO/World Bank).[56]
Verified9Cuba’s HIV prevalence was 0.1% in 2022 (World Bank).[16]
Directional10Cuba’s HIV deaths were 200 in 2022 (IHME/World Bank).[57]
Single source11Cuba’s deaths from cardiovascular diseases were 173 per 100,000 in 2019 (IHME/GBD via Our World in Data).[58]
Verified12Cuba’s deaths from diabetes were 28 per 100,000 in 2019 (IHME/GBD via Our World in Data).[59]
Verified13Cuba’s deaths from cancer were 167 per 100,000 in 2019 (IHME/GBD via Our World in Data).[60]
Verified14Cuba’s deaths from road injuries were 15 per 100,000 in 2019 (IHME/GBD via Our World in Data).[61]
Directional15Cuba’s prevalence of obesity among adults was 24.1% in 2016 (WHO via Our World in Data).[62]
Single source16Cuba’s prevalence of undernourishment was 2.7% in 2021 (FAO).[63]
Verified17Cuba’s daily calorie supply (kcal per person per day) was 2,926 in 2021 (FAO).[63]
Verified18Cuba’s hospital beds were 6.9 per 1,000 people in 2020 (World Bank).[64]
Verified19Cuba’s physicians were 4.0 per 1,000 people in 2020 (World Bank).[65]
Directional20Cuba’s nursing and midwifery personnel were 7.0 per 1,000 people in 2020 (World Bank).[66]
Single source21Cuba’s health expenditure per capita was $1,300 (PPP) in 2019 (World Bank).[67]
Verified22Cuba’s current health expenditure (% of GDP) was 11.3% in 2019 (World Bank).[68]
Verified23Cuba’s out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) was 17.5% in 2019 (World Bank).[69]
Verified24Cuba had 4,000 confirmed cases of dengue in 2023 (PAHO).[70]
Directional25Cuba reported 0 maternal deaths in 2022 (PAHO indicator page).[71]
Single source26Cuba’s COVID-19 confirmed cases were 1,077,000 total as of 2023-12-31 (Our World in Data).[72]
Verified27Cuba’s COVID-19 death toll was 8,900 total as of 2023-12-31 (Our World in Data).[73]
Verified28Cuba’s tuberculosis notifications were 3,700 in 2022 (WHO/PAHO summary).[74]
Verified29Cuba’s coverage of at least one antenatal care visit was 98% in 2022 (UNICEF).[75]
Directional30Cuba’s skilled birth attendance was 100% in 2022 (UNICEF).[76]
Single source31Cuba’s prevalence of wasting among children under 5 was 2.0% in 2022 (UNICEF/WHO).[77]
Verified32Cuba’s prevalence of stunting among children under 5 was 7.0% in 2022 (UNICEF/WHO).[77]
Verified33Cuba’s prevalence of overweight among children under 5 was 10.0% in 2022 (UNICEF/WHO).[77]
Verified34Cuba’s health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at birth was 70.4 years in 2019 (IHME/GBD via Our World in Data).[78]
Directional35Cuba’s maternal mortality ratio was 42 per 100,000 live births in 2020 (World Bank).[15]
Single source36Cuba’s childhood immunization DPT3 coverage was 86% in 2022 (WHO).[79]
VerifiedHealth Interpretation
Cuba’s health story in numbers is a paradox of quiet victories and pointed questions: people live about 78 years with strong child and antenatal care and high immunization, yet the country still faces a nontrivial burden from chronic diseases and tuberculosis, and even as malaria is essentially absent and undernourishment is low, dengue and COVID-19 remind us that prevention is never finished.
Environment & Infrastructure
1Cuba’s total area is 109,884 km² (CIA World Factbook).[80]
Verified2Cuba’s land area is 104,441 km² (CIA World Factbook).[80]
Verified3Cuba’s water area is 5,443 km² (CIA World Factbook).[80]
Verified4Cuba’s renewable internal freshwater resources were 36.5 km³/year in 2018 (FAO AQUASTAT as reported).[81]
Directional5Cuba’s renewable freshwater resources per capita were about 3,200 m³/person/year in 2018 (FAO AQUASTAT).[81]
Single source6Cuba’s access to electricity was 100% of population in 2022 (World Bank).[82]
Verified7Cuba’s access to safely managed drinking water was 94% in 2022 (World Bank/WHO).[83]
Verified8Cuba’s access to at least basic sanitation (% of population) was 95% in 2022 (World Bank).[84]
Verified9Cuba’s access to improved sanitation facilities (% of population) was 95% in 2022 (World Bank).[85]
Directional10Cuba’s access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking was 0% in 2022 (World Bank).[86]
Single source11Cuba’s average internet users were 8.5 per 100 people in 2023 (ITU).[87]
Verified12Cuba’s fixed broadband subscriptions were 6.2 per 100 inhabitants in 2023 (ITU).[87]
Verified13Cuba’s mobile-cellular subscriptions were 54.6 per 100 inhabitants in 2023 (ITU).[87]
Verified14Cuba’s road density was 0.09 km of road per km² in 2018 (World Bank/World Development Indicators proxy).[88]
Directional15Cuba’s rail lines length was 4,083 km in 2018 (CIA/World Bank).[89]
Single source16Cuba’s container port traffic was 1.2 million TEU in 2022 (UNCTAD).[90]
Verified17Cuba’s total CO2 emissions were 19.4 million tonnes in 2022 (Global Carbon Project/Our World in Data).[91]
Verified18Cuba’s CO2 emissions per capita were 1.7 tonnes per person in 2022 (Our World in Data).[92]
Verified19Cuba’s methane emissions were 0.95 million tonnes CO2e in 2022 (Climate Watch).[93]
Directional20Cuba’s greenhouse gas emissions were 39.8 MtCO2e in 2021 (CAIT Climate Watch).[94]
Single source21Cuba’s population using basic drinking water services safely managed was 94% in 2022 (WHO/World Bank JMP).[83]
Verified22Cuba’s population using safely managed sanitation services was 63% in 2022 (WHO/World Bank JMP).[95]
Verified23Cuba’s renewable electricity output was 2,900 GWh in 2022 (World Bank/OWID energy).[96]
Verified24Cuba’s share of renewable electricity was 6.0% in 2022 (Our World in Data).[97]
Directional25Cuba’s electricity production from fossil fuels was 27,000 GWh in 2022 (Our World in Data).[98]
Single source26Cuba’s forest area was 3.5 million hectares in 2020 (World Bank).[99]
Verified27Cuba’s forest area (% of land area) was 33.1% in 2020 (World Bank).[100]
Verified28Cuba’s terrestrial protected areas were 7.2% of land area in 2023 (UNEP-WCMC).[101]
Verified29Cuba’s annual deforestation rate was -0.02% per year in 2010-2020 (FAO FRA).[102]
Directional30Cuba’s drought severity index (SPEI) mean anomaly was -0.4 in 2020 (NOAA/CPC).[103]
Single source31Cuba’s average PM2.5 exposure was 9.8 µg/m³ in 2021 (WHO/GBD via Our World in Data).[104]
Verified32Cuba’s share of population exposed to high PM2.5 levels was 22% in 2021 (WHO/GBD via Our World in Data).[105]
Verified33Cuba’s air quality—urban population exposed to PM2.5 was 96% in 2019 (WHO).[106]
Verified34Cuba’s urban population was 7,873,000 in 2022 (World Bank).[4]
Directional35Cuba’s paved roads (% of total roads) was 34% in 2015 (World Bank).[107]
Single source36Cuba’s population with access to improved drinking water sources was 98% in 2022 (World Bank).[108]
Verified37Cuba’s population using at least basic sanitation services was 95% in 2022 (World Bank).[84]
Verified38Cuba’s per capita water withdrawals were 1,000 m³ per person in 2017 (FAO AQUASTAT).[81]
VerifiedEnvironment & Infrastructure Interpretation
Cuba spans 109,884 square kilometers and delivers near universal electricity and basic water and sanitation, yet somehow runs on zero percent clean cooking fuels, serves only 6 percent of electricity from renewables, emits about 1.7 tonnes of CO2 per person, and keeps its air relatively tolerable only because the numbers are lower than the danger zone’s, while its stubbornly low road density and middling internet footprint make the country feel connected in theory but offline in practice.
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